Christina Meetoo

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The proposed amendments to the ICT Act to regulate social media in democratic Mauritius entail the risk of creating a surveillance state

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On 14 April 2021, the Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA) released a Consultation Paper on proposed amendments to the ICT Act for regulating the use and addressing the abuse and misuse of Social Media  in Mauritius. In a nutshell, the paper makes a proposal to amend the law so that all internet communication would have to pass through a centralised proxy server managed by the agency and citizens will have to install a digital self-signed certificate on their devices to allow the server to access, decrypt, segregate social media traffic for analysis for investigative purposes. The technical toolset would be managed by an Enforcement Unit within the ICTA and there would be a National Digital Ethics Committee to decide on how to deal with “illegal and harmful content”.

There are numerous issues with this proposal. The most salient one being that the mechanism would make Mauritius a blanket surveillance state, which is incompatible with the concept of democracy. In fact, no other democracy in the world uses such a blanket system to intercept citizens’ communication in order to regulate social media. Below is a more detailed analysis of the content.

– What is the context for the proposed amendments?
– Preliminary comment about the context
– What are those proposed amendments to the ICT Act?
– Comment about the philosophy underlying the proposal
– What does the Constitution say?
– What are other democratic states doing or trying to do?
– Other key questions posed by the proposed amendments
– What are potential alternatives to the proposed amendments?
– Conclusion

What is the context for the proposed amendments?

There is a perceived need for regulation of social media in Mauritius. The stated objective is to combat illegal and harmful content (and comment) in a way that is not dependent on international social media companies. These platforms are deemed to be not sufficiently responsive to requests from the authorities in terms of:

  • time taken to respond,
  • community standards which are not as strict as our domestic laws, and
  • the Creole language which the platform moderators do not understand.

The paper states that a “minority of individuals or organised groups” are at fault and that “The issue at hand is when these abuses, even though perpetrated by few individuals/groups, go viral, the damage created is very far reaching.”

Preliminary comment about the context

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Droits et libertés de la femme à Maurice : trop de discours, peu d’actions (DefiMedia)

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Article publié le 8 mars 2021 par Pradeep Daby dans le journal du Defi Media
https://defimedia.info/droits-et-libertes-de-la-femme-maurice-trop-de-discours-peu-dactions

La situation de la femme à Maurice et l’autonomisation (empowerment) de celle-ci sont fondamentalement tributaires des décisions politiques, mais celles-ci se heurtent elles-mêmes aux problématiques de nature religieuse qui souvent légitime une domination patriarcale. Dans une publication lancée le mardi 2 février 2021 et intitulée ‘The Gender Divides of the Mauritian Society : Re-appropriating the Empowerment and Citizenship Discourse’, les auteurs de l’ouvrage abordent cette thématique au terme d’une approche pluridisciplinaire.

L’ouvrage, publié sous l’égide du Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA), vient à point nommé, à un moment où des études ont démontré que la pandémie de la Covid-19 affecte davantage les femmes qui se sont retrouvées sans emploi. Cette donnée empirique n’est pas fortuite, elle vient mettre de l’avant une situation qui perdure, malgré un arsenal législatif destiné à promouvoir l’égalité de droits aux femmes, accompagné de respect. Certes, il n’y a pas régression mais les avancées ne sont pas notables. Cet ouvrage collectif recense des ‘obstacles’ qui expliquent pourquoi un pays comme Maurice, encensé par MoIbrahim régulièrement, ne parvient toujours pas à adhérer complètement à l’ensemble des traités et protocoles dont il est signataire, à commencer par la CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women), jusqu’au Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, en 2005. Par ailleurs, même si l’île Maurice a adhéré à la SADC Declaration on Gender, notre pays ne parvient toujours pas à promouvoir la parité à l’Assemblée législative. « The actions should go beyond déclarations and should involve gender-oriented actions », écrit Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur, éditrice de l’ouvrage dans son introduction.

Sept problématiques
Pour mieux cerner les thématiques liées à l’intitulé de celui-ci, les auteurs ont identifié sept problématiques, qui se déclinent comme suit : (1) une analyse des mouvements de libération des femmes à Maurice, (2) le nombre de femmes dans les médias mauriciens et leurs places dans la hiérarchie de ceux-ci (3) l’état de la violence à leur égard dans le secteur privé dans un contexte de changement des rapports de force (4) l’islam et les droits des femmes dans une île Maurice pluriethnique (5) la place citoyenne dans l’économie du point de vue du genre, la place des femme dans des emplois précaires (6) l’examen à la loupe ‘genrée’ du monde de l’entrepreneuriat et le monde des affaires et (7) une étude de la vie des Rodriguaises à Maurice.

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Telegram nudes scandal in Mauritius: Media people beware!

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If you are not already aware, a few days ago feminist activists have started talking about a group on the messaging app Telegram of which more than 1,000 Mauritian men are/were members. The group is/was sharing intimate pictures of both adult women and minors WITHOUT the latter’s consent. Some were asking for pictures of specific women and girls who have social media accounts, whether real pics or doctored ones. Again WITHOUT the consent of the latters. The group has been cloned multiple times and migrated to several other platforms as soon as the admins smelled trouble.
I put special emphasis on the LACK OF CONSENT of the girls and women concerned because some people have been going on their high horses about how the undoctored pics might have landed in the lap of the members of those groups. Some are saying there are lewd girls and women out there willingly sharing their own pics, some for money even (thus engaging in pornographic activity).
So, I want to get a few things right:
  • True, it’s best for anyone not to have shared with anyone else or to have posted any of their intimate pics as it makes them easy to share widely and quickly.
  • But, even if someone did the above willingly, shifting the blame to the victim only serves to exonerate the people who maliciously shared the pics with random dudes.
  • Even if a woman did engage in an illicit transaction (whereby both sender and receiver are guilty according to law BTW), that transaction was one-to-one. So, while she may be guilty of trespassing against Mauritian law by selling porn content, the man who illegally buys it and then reshares is distributing porn on a bigger scale.
  • Those whose pics were sent by mutual consent to a lover or partner, whether in a short-term or a long-term relationship, never intended those to be made available to other random dudes. So, this a breach of trust in a relationship, however short-lived the relationship might have been, and it is a sign of a deranged mind that indulges in the gratuitous exploitation of the image of a partner’s body for vile reasons, possibly for revenge porn.

Clearly, the intention is vile and abject. And we should start flipping the narrative against the perpetrators.

This is why I call upon all media people in my friendlist to report responsibly on the whole affair. As I just told a class of Media and Ethics students yesterday, you will need to tread cautiously when investigating the identities of those vile perpetrators (if you choose to do so). Do your homework, check, cross-check and double check. This is an agreed standard in the profession.
But, please be careful how you choose your angle and on whom you put the spotlight. If indeed there is an extensive porn market which exists within those groups, do not forget to put the spotlight on the clients and their misplaced sense of entitlement whenever they have paid a woman who they then think they own ad infinitum. Because if that dude paid Rs 500 or Rs 1000 or even a million, they cannot own the right to that woman’s image! The same logic applies to pics that were consensually exchanged. No-one can hold the right to a body and its image except for the person in question, whether that person is moral or not according to our society’s standards!
Investigate to find out who are the instigators of the groups instead of trying to find the identity of the girls or women whose pics were circulated, unless you intend to give them a voice that will not further exploit their misery.

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